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ELECTRICAL MEASURING INSTRUMENTS For the detection or measurement of electric current, potential difference, and resistance certain instruments have been devised viz. The galvanometer for the detection of small currents measurements of small currents of the order of micro amperes or mili amperes the voltmeter or potentiometer for the measurement of potential difference (and voltage) between two points of a circuit are the EMF of a source the ammeter for the measurement of large currents the wheatstone bridge the meter Bridge the post office box and the ohmmeter for the measurement of resistance. THE MOVING COIL GALVANOMETER The moving coil galvanometer is a basic electrical instrument it is used for the detection (and Measurement) of small currents. Its underlying principle is the fact that when a current flows in a rectangular coil placed in a magnetic field it experiences a magnetic torque. If it is free to rotate under a controlling torque, it rotates through an angle proportional t...
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CHLORINE

ELECTROLYSIS METHOD:

Chlorine is manufactured by the electrolysis of aqueous solutions of sodium chloride.For this purpose two cells are used which are described below:

(a) NELSON'S CELL:

This cell consists of U-shaped perforated steel vessel which acts as cathode and carbon rod as anode.This U-tube is separated from anode by asbestos layer on the inner wall of the U-Tube as shown in figure

The U-tube is filled by aqueous solution of sodium chloride.On passing the electric current,chlorine is obtained at anode reaction:

(i) Ionization NaCl ---------> Na + Cl
(ii) Reaction at anode 2Cl - 2e ----------> Cl2


 

(b) CASTNER-KELLNER'S CELL:

This cell has a Cathode consisting of layer of mercury at the bottom of cell which flows from right to left.Saturated solution of sodium chloride also flows slowly through the cell in same direction as the mercury.The anode rods are of graphite which dip into the solution of sodium chloride.

On electrolysis chlorine is liberated at anode and passes out of the cell through a tube at the top.Sodium is liberated at cathode where it dissolves in the mercury and is removed from the cell.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CHLORINE:

It is greenish yellow gas which is pungent and characteristics choking smell.It is typical non-metal and is fairly soluble in water.It is boils at -34 C and melts at -101 C.It is poisonous gas which has irritating effect on nose,throat and lungs.It has corrosive action on the mucous membrance.Its density is 3.214 gm/l at S.T.P and its electron negativity is 3.0. Oxidation states are different such as -1,+1,+3,+5 and +7 

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF CHLORINE:

Chlorine is very reactive element and it readily combines with non-metals and metals except N2,O2 and carbon.The reactions of chlorine are divided into following types:

(i) OXIDATION REACTIONS:

It is active oxidant because it has the capacity to gain one electron and hence oxidizes most of the substance.

Zn + Cl2 ----------> ZnCl
Cu + Cl2 ---------> CuCl2
P + 5Cl2 --------> 2PCl5
H2 + Cl2 -----------> 2HCl

(ii) OXIDATION REACTIONS:

Chlorine directly combines with certain compounds to form addition products such reactions are called as addition reaction.

CH2 = CH2 + Cl2 ----------> CH2 + CH2
CO + Cl2 ------------> COCl2
SO2 + Cl 2 ------------> SO2Cl2

(iii) SUBSTITUTION REACTION:

Chlorine replaces one or more atoms from other compounds such reactions are called as substitution reactions .

H2S +Cl2 ------------> 2HCl + S

(iv) AUTO-OXIDATION AND REDUCTION REACTIONS:

Chlorine reacts with water to form hydrochloric acid and hypochlorous acid.In this reactions,chlorine oxidizes as well reduces hence it is known as self oxidation-reduction reaction or auto-oxidation-reduction reaction.

Cl2 + H2O --------> HCl + HOCl

Solution of chlorine in water is strong oxidizing agent and in this solution HOCl usually acts as oxidizing agent.This is because in HOCl,chlorine has an oxidation number +1 and has a strong attraction for electrons.The bleaching action of chlorine is also due to same reason i.e first of all chlorine forms hypochlorous is also due to some reason i.e first of all chlorine forms hypochlorous acid (HOCL) with water which is then oxidizes colored compounds to colorless compounds.

IMPORTANCE OF CHLORINE: 

The production of and consumption of chlorine on large scale,make it one of the most important products of chemical industry and national economy.It is used in the manufacture of Organic compounds just like CCl4 and CHCl2 which are organic solvents.It is also used in the manufacture of vinyl chloride which is used in the manufacture of PVC.Chlorocarbon preparations such as DDT and hexa chloro - cyclohexane are different pesticides and various synthetic products such as rubber etc.

Chlorine is also used as bleaching agent for cotton,rayon,wood-pulp etc.It is used in sterilizing of drinking water and disinfecting drainage.It is also used in layer test for detection of Br and I.



Hope after reading this article you understand,

What is chlorine ?
What is nelson cell ?
What is Castner-Kellners cell ?
What is the properties of chlorine ?
What is the formula of chlorine ?
What is the chemical properties of chlorine ?
What is the uses of chlorine ?
Where is chlorine found ?
How chlorine prepared ?
What is the importance of chlorine ?
What is chlorine gas ?
How many number of electron in chlorine ?
Is chlorine poisonous ?
Chlorine Charge ?
Chlorine gas formula ?



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