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Showing posts with the label Industrial preparation of hydrogen
ELECTRICAL MEASURING INSTRUMENTS For the detection or measurement of electric current, potential difference, and resistance certain instruments have been devised viz. The galvanometer for the detection of small currents measurements of small currents of the order of micro amperes or mili amperes the voltmeter or potentiometer for the measurement of potential difference (and voltage) between two points of a circuit are the EMF of a source the ammeter for the measurement of large currents the wheatstone bridge the meter Bridge the post office box and the ohmmeter for the measurement of resistance. THE MOVING COIL GALVANOMETER The moving coil galvanometer is a basic electrical instrument it is used for the detection (and Measurement) of small currents. Its underlying principle is the fact that when a current flows in a rectangular coil placed in a magnetic field it experiences a magnetic torque. If it is free to rotate under a controlling torque, it rotates through an angle proportional t...
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ISOTOPES OF HYDROGEN The existence of hydrogen of elements was first discovered by J.J. Thomson in 1912-1913 while working on the properties of neon.The isotopes may be defined as  "Atoms of the same elements having same atomic number but different mass numbers" It may also be defined as "Atoms that have the same number of protons but different number of neutrons in their respective nuclei" Nearly all elements found in nature are mixture of several isotopes.Isotopes of hydrogen are given special names while isotopes of other elements are not given any special name. There are 3 isotopes of hydrogen, mainly: Protium Deuterium Tritium (i) Protium  It is also known as ordinary Hydrogen.It contains one proton in the nucleus and there is one electron in 1s orbital (First Shell). It has atomic number one and atomic mass number is also 1 . Naturally free occuring hydrogen or in the form of compounds contain about 99.98% protium. (ii)Deuterium  It is also called heavy hyd...
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INDUSTRIAL PREPARATION OF HYDROGEN  In industry, Hydrogen is manufactured from water,natural gas and ammonia..Methods are arranged in the order of their importance : (i) Electrolysis of Water : When electricity is passed through water containing a small amount of an electrolyte (an acid ,a base or salt) water decompose into hydrogen and oxygen.Hydrogen collects at cathode and oxygen gas, a by-product,is collected at anode. 2H2O ----------> 2H2 + O2 The gases produced are in the purest form.This process is expensive and is used to produce hydrogen where electricity is available at cheaper rates. (ii) Steam and Hydrocarbon Process : A mixture of steam and natural gas when over nickel catalyst at 900 C produces a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide commonly known as Water gas, Natural gas contains about 94.60 % methane CH4 +H2O ---------- > 3H2 + CO (iii) By the action of steam on coal : When steam is passed over red hot coke at about 1000 C, a mixture of hydrogen and carbo...
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