Skip to main content
ELECTRICAL MEASURING INSTRUMENTS For the detection or measurement of electric current, potential difference, and resistance certain instruments have been devised viz. The galvanometer for the detection of small currents measurements of small currents of the order of micro amperes or mili amperes the voltmeter or potentiometer for the measurement of potential difference (and voltage) between two points of a circuit are the EMF of a source the ammeter for the measurement of large currents the wheatstone bridge the meter Bridge the post office box and the ohmmeter for the measurement of resistance. THE MOVING COIL GALVANOMETER The moving coil galvanometer is a basic electrical instrument it is used for the detection (and Measurement) of small currents. Its underlying principle is the fact that when a current flows in a rectangular coil placed in a magnetic field it experiences a magnetic torque. If it is free to rotate under a controlling torque, it rotates through an angle proportional t...
Post a Comment

NATURAL SOURCES OF ORGANIC COMPOUND 

The mineral sources of organic compound are coal,natural gas and petroleum.Plants are also among natural sources of important organic compounds.

COAL :-

The bituminous or soft coal is a very important source of organic compounds.This when subjected to destructive distillation, products of industrial importance are obtained. 

FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION OF COAL-TAR:-

When coal is destructively distilled four principal fractions are obtained, viz: coal gas , coal tar ,coke and ammonical liquors. Of these coal gas which consists mainly of methane and hydrogen is used as a fuel,while coke a form of carbon,is used in the manufacture of iron and steel industry.The composition of coal tar varies depending on the nature of the coal.However, coal is composed of various aromatic hydrocarbons.

These components are separated by fractional distillation of coal tar.It has been calculated that 100 Kg of coal tar yield 1-2 Kg of benzene.

NATURAL GAS :-

Natural gas is also one of the important source of simple organic compounds specially like methane.It is found at sui in Pakistan and known as sui gas.It is also found at other places.

COMPOSITION OF SUI GAS :-

METHANE                                94.60%
ETHANE                                   1.05%
PROPANE                                  0.28%
BUTANE                                    0.17%
NITROGEN                               3.88%
CARBON DIOXIDE                 0.02%

PETROLEUM :-

Petroleum means rock oil in latin.Is is usually found below the surface of the earth. It is a viscous liquid comprising of components with different boiling points.It contains alkanes,alkenes,cyclo-alkanes,aromatic hydrocarbons,besides some inorganic compounds and is called crude oil.When subjected to fractional distillation several groups of products are obtained.This is known as refining of petroleum.


Labels:

Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

NUCLEAR RADIATIONS INTERACTION OF NUCLEAR RADIATIONS WITH MATTER In the previous article we have discussed natural radioactivity in which  α and β particles and γ-rays are emitted from the disintegrating nucleus of an atom.In nuclear fission and fusion reactions neutrons and other particles together with certain radiations are emitted from the nucleus.Moreover, interaction of high energy particles (neutral or artificial) with matter produce certain nuclear or atomic reactions with emission of particles like protons,deutrons,neutrons and ionizing radiations like γ-rays from the nucleus and x-rays and ultraviolet rays from the atom.These particles and radiations have been studied carefully for their properties and effects with are as follows: ALPHA (α)  PARTICLES It shoots out from the nucleus with a high velocity ( 0.1 × 10 ^ 8 m/s ). Thus it possesses very high energy 7.7 MeV for the most energetic from R ac.Due to its large size more charge and high energy it can make very l...
Post a Comment
Read more
METALLURGY OF COPPER Copper occurs both in free as well as in combined states.In combined state,it occurs mainly as the sulphide and oxide ores.The chief ores of copper are copper pyrite or chaleopyrite (CuFeS2), chalocite (Cu2S) and malachite [Cu(OH)2] and azurite [2CuCO3 Cu(OH)2 blue. Extraction  Copper is mostly extracted from sulphide ores which contain about 6% Cu.The sulphide ore is first roasted (i.e., heated strongly in a current of air) on the hearth of a large flat furnace whereby the following changes occur. (i) Large amount of sulphur burns to sulphur dioxide (SO2). (ii) Iron present oxidizes to ferrous oxide (FeO)  (iii) Copper changes into cuprous sulphide (Cu2S) 2CuFeS2 + 4O2 -----------> Cu2S + 2FeO + 3SO2 The roasted material is then mixed with sand to remove iron as ferrous silicate a slag which floats on the surface of the molten matte of copper.The liquid copper matte containing cuprous sulphide with some unreacted ferrous sulphide (FeS) and silica oxidi...
Post a Comment
Read more
OPEN CHAIN AND CLOSED CHAIN HYDROCARBONS In aliphatic hydrocarbons, the carbon atoms are attached to another carbon to form chains.These chains may be either open or closed (rings) chains.The open chains on the basis of saturation of valence are classified as saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons. (i) Saturated Hydrocarbons: The compounds in which all the valencies of carbon carbon atoms are fully satisfied by single bonds,are called saturated hydrocarbons.The examples of saturated hydrocarbons are alkanes. (ii) Unsaturated Hydrocarbons: The compounds in which all the valencies of carbon atoms are not fully utilized,are called unsaturated hydrocarbons.Alkanes and alkynes are the example of unsaturated open chain hydrocarbons. The hydrocarbons which contain closed chain of carbon atoms are called cyclic hydrocarbons and examples are cyclo alkanes and cyclo alkenes. Aromatic compounds are benzene and its homologs.These compounds are further divided into homonuclear and hetero-nuclear ar...
Post a Comment
Read more