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ELECTRICAL MEASURING INSTRUMENTS For the detection or measurement of electric current, potential difference, and resistance certain instruments have been devised viz. The galvanometer for the detection of small currents measurements of small currents of the order of micro amperes or mili amperes the voltmeter or potentiometer for the measurement of potential difference (and voltage) between two points of a circuit are the EMF of a source the ammeter for the measurement of large currents the wheatstone bridge the meter Bridge the post office box and the ohmmeter for the measurement of resistance. THE MOVING COIL GALVANOMETER The moving coil galvanometer is a basic electrical instrument it is used for the detection (and Measurement) of small currents. Its underlying principle is the fact that when a current flows in a rectangular coil placed in a magnetic field it experiences a magnetic torque. If it is free to rotate under a controlling torque, it rotates through an angle proportional t...
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OPEN CHAIN AND CLOSED CHAIN HYDROCARBONS

In aliphatic hydrocarbons, the carbon atoms are attached to another carbon to form chains.These chains may be either open or closed (rings) chains.The open chains on the basis of saturation of valence are classified as saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons.

(i) Saturated Hydrocarbons:

The compounds in which all the valencies of carbon carbon atoms are fully satisfied by single bonds,are called saturated hydrocarbons.The examples of saturated hydrocarbons are alkanes.

(ii) Unsaturated Hydrocarbons:

The compounds in which all the valencies of carbon atoms are not fully utilized,are called unsaturated hydrocarbons.Alkanes and alkynes are the example of unsaturated open chain hydrocarbons.

The hydrocarbons which contain closed chain of carbon atoms are called cyclic hydrocarbons and examples are cyclo alkanes and cyclo alkenes.

Aromatic compounds are benzene and its homologs.These compounds are further divided into homonuclear and hetero-nuclear aromatic compounds.

Some Important Terms:

Alkanes :

Alkanes are the open chain saturated hydrocarbons in which all bonds are single covalent bonds.Each carbon atom is tetrahedrally surrounded by hydrogen atoms and other carbon atoms.The names of alkanes end with -ane and general formula is CnH2. 

In actual molecular structures, the carbon chains are not in straight lines but they are three dimensional in nature.

Alkenes :

Alkenes are unsaturated open chain hydrocarbons in which two carbon atoms are connected by a double bond,The names of alkenes end with -ene and general formula is CnH2 where n is a whole number in which is equal to 2 or greater than 2.The structural formulas of few alkanes.

Alkynes :

Alkynes are unsaturated open chain hydrocarbons in which two carbon atoms are connected by a triple bond.The names of alkynes end with -yne and general formula is CnH2n where n is a whole number is equal to 2 or greater than 2.

Cyclic-Hydrocarbons :

The ali cyclic aliphatic hydrocarbons are closed chain hydrocarbons.The cyclic hydrocarbons are named by prefixing the word cyclo to the name of the corresponding open chain hydrocarbons.The general formula is CnH2n.Where n is whole no. which is equal to 3 or greater than 3 . 

Aromatic Hydrocarbon :

Aromatic hydrocarbons are special class of cyclic compounds containing benzene ring.Benzene ring is a siz-membered ring of carbon atoms with alternate double bonds.Other aromatic hydrocarbons are derivatives of benzene. 


Hope after reading this article you understand ,

What is open chain and closed chain hydrocarbons ?
What is difference between open chain and closed chain hydrocarbons?
Types of closed chain hydrocarbons
Aliphatic hydrocarbons
Aliphatic hydrocarbons definition
What is Saturated Hydrocarbons ?
What is unsaturated hydrocarbons ?
Saturated hydrocarbon vs unsaturated hydrocarbon
What is alkanes ?
What is alkenes ?
What is alkyne ?
What is cyclic hydrocarbon ?
What is aromatic hydrocarbon ?


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